Argentinas Dirty War Research Paper Example

Argentinas Dirty War Research Paper Example Argentinas Dirty War Paper Argentinas Dirty War Paper At the Eleventh Conference of Latin American Armies, in October of 1975, Argentinas president of the military powers, Jorge Rafael Videla, brought up to journalists asking about the battle against disruption: In request to ensure the security of the express, all important individuals will bite the dust. At the point when another columnist requested explanation on the importance of rebellious, he answered, Anyone who contradicts the Argentine lifestyle. 1 A couple of months following this statement, on March 24, 1976, the military held onto control of the country; ousting the established government, at that point lead by Isabel Peron. General Videla, Admiral Massera and Brigadier Agosti turned into the freshest pioneers in a grouping of military overthrows. In spite of the fact that this trio would stand out forever as the bloodiest one of them every one of the, a progression of four progressively military juntas likewise followed. In 1981, General Viola, Army Chief of Staff, succeeded Videla upon the finish of his term. Albeit scarcely soothing, Viola endeavored to revive discussions with the ideological groups which were as yet prohibited. The significantly increasingly die-hard General Galtieri supplanted him months after the fact. At long last, in 1982, General Bignone was set up to deal with the way toward changing the legislature towards free races. This detestable period in Argentine history brought the word desaparecidos - the vanished ones-into regular speech. As a startling preview of what was to come, famous Peronist pioneer, Bernardo Alberte, was visited in the early hours of the seizure by a government police unit. He was then tossed out of his 6th story high rise, while his family vulnerably saw the whole torment. With this, one of numerous thousand deeds of loathsomeness, the new system grabbed hold of the country. 2 It is evaluated that during this period an aggregate of 30,000 individuals were vanished. The political insecurity of Isabel Perons organization had, in addition to other things, set up the justification for the military upset. Preposterous swelling, murders and significant divisions inside the political groups caused this mediation to seem unavoidable to for all intents and purposes everybody. A circumspectly arranged battle by moderate gatherings of the media, with the help of Argentinean landowners, just as the weight of the universal budgetary segment, formed a picture of these rulers as legit men that would monitor the countrys interests against the slaughter that could happen if guerrilla associations picked up control. In any case, in spite of the fact that the administration by the military proposed to give a solid and brought together front openly, every single one of them got outstanding for their interior force battles, too. Following the overthrow, the Constitution was supplanted by, what is regularly known, as El Proceso (Statute for the Process of National Reorganization). This resolution vested the military rulers with the ability to practice authoritative, official and legal powers in their organization. Mutually, they currently controlled worker's guilds, political gatherings and organizations of higher learning. Control was unavoidable, habeas corpus was sabotaged and every single protected assurance were suspended uncertainly. Thus, 90% of the courts judges were subbed by new ones. The system, in their self-depiction of watchmen of the Argentine estimations of custom, family and property, regarded any objection to their standard as rebellious conduct. Subsequently, anybody and everybody dubious of such perspectives would be dispensed with, in light of a legitimate concern for securing the government assistance of the country. As expressed by Videla: The restraint is against a minority which we don't think about Argentine. 3 Capital punishment as a discipline for political wrongdoings was fused to the string of new laws and declarations that enhanced the intensity of the military, yet additionally that of police authorities. During a time of eight years, four diverse military systems, grabbed hold of all parts of government, undertaking one of the most frightful crusades of imperialism perceived in the Western Hemisphere. It would just be following the disaster of the war for the Falkland Islands (known as the Malvinas Islands, to Argentineans) that popular government would be, at last, reestablished through the appointment of President Raul Alfonsin, in 1983. Setting of The Dirty War Following World War II, Argentina was situated eighth among the most prosperous nations in the globe. Buenos Aires was a refined city, known to the remainder of the world as the Paris of South America. As portrayed by Marguerite Feitlowitz, its exceedingly European individuals were noted for being refined, advanced and cosmopolitan. Up until the mid-seventies, Argentina had the most noteworthy education rate in all Latin America. Moreover, on account of the richness of its far reaching and ripe soil, it is one of only a handful hardly any countries on the planet that will never require the importation of food. All things considered, regardless of these accomplishments, this nation has been socially, financially, politically pointless, too. Lawmakers constantly devour their foes, yet in addition any fretful partners as well. A case of this was the fall of General Peron. General Juan Domingo Peron was a dubious pioneer that became president, without precedent for 1946. He was appreciated by the extraordinary left and outrageous right indistinguishable. Peron was a solid supporter of the descamisados (shirtless ones) and sorted out work. He was likewise an aficionado of Mussolini and Hitler, and a bait for dynamic Jews who additionally gave shelter to a huge number of Nazis. Peron turned into a solid enemy of the government by nationalizing administrations and enterprises and thus keeping the workers in accordance with a blend of giveaways and the iron glove. 4 In 1955, the military toppled Perons government and the Peronist Party got prohibited. Juan Domingo Peron stayed in political outcast, in Spain, until1973, when he came back to be President for a second time in his vocation. The Montoneros was one of the essential guerrilla associations to which the antisubversive crusade was initially coordinated. In spite of the fact that this specific gathering became out of the a lot bigger Peronist association development, by 1976 Peronist pioneers straightforwardly censured the Montoneros, yet in addition employed paramilitary help with request to battle and execute guerrillas. Be that as it may, when the 1976 military system came to control, the progressive gatherings in Argentina had been everything except demolished. Its is assessed that the aggregate sum of radical power individuals was restricted to just around 2,000, while just 20% of them were really outfitted. Then again, the quantity of the military was near a fourth of a million people. Obviously, the alleged danger presented by left-wing uprising was just a reason to take total charge and force the system s own fear crusade. These new pioneers set out to adjust through any methods accessible the political, financial, social and social cosmetics of Argentina and to set up themselves as the incomparable and unchallenged rulers. 5 Political Culture: Recurring Phases of Gory Rule The history and political culture of this country has, for since quite a while ago, been spoiled by repeating patterns of bleeding rule. Scientists date this advanced military period back to the 1930s, when Jose Uriburus forceful overthrow detat occurred. This would turn into the primary military intercession since 1854. Starting here and until 1976 there were an aggregate of nine non military personnel bolstered military seizures of the administration, two different presidents chose by the military, two obtrusively fixed races and furthermore two terms of semi fascistic Peronism. 6 by and large, every one of these legislatures kept going somewhat past over two years. Military control in Argentine legislative issues not just comes from the shortcoming and insufficiency of non military personnel foundations, yet additionally from the specific intensity of the military inside its way of life. An incongruity throughout the entire existence of this nation is that very few officials participated in Jose Uriburus upset; anyway from that scene on the political culture of Argentina turned out to be exceptionally mobilized. In spite of the fact that the military powers have delineated again and again how insufficient their legislative aptitudes are, chose organizations have persistently looked for the assurance of their capacity. As summed up by French humanist Alain Rouquie in his Pouvoir militaire et societe politique en Republique Argentine, No president-non military personnel or military-has figured out how to remain in office against the desires of he men in uniform. Regardless of the entirety of its social complexity, the establishment of the Argentinean culture is very medieval. Formed after the Praetorian Guard, its ordinary ternion is involved the landowning government, the military and the Catholic Church. Argentina has reliably demonstrated disquiet about the disorganized idea of majority rules system. Then again, the cool and cumbersome quality of the military furnished them with the observation that administration was less defenseless against defilement. During the 1960s, high profiled papers, for example, La Opinionsupported another arrangement of overthrows. Since the military favored an economy dependent on global free enterprise, they were attempted to be more in a state of harmony with the interests of the upper and working classes than different groups which were after a statist financial approach with an accentuation in sorted out work. During the 70s, a tremendous cheapening of the peso and wild joblessness rates, exacerbated guerrilla struggle between ultra-right and ultra-forgot about local army broke. Vicious conduct was broad and everybody was in harm's way. In 1974, amidst such strife, Peron passes on and control is taken over by his better half, Isabel. As a response to the terrorizing of the left, the Peronist organization shapes the Triple An (Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. This demise crew was initially under the administration of the Federal Police and later on under the influence o

The Health Benefits of Exercise :: Physical Exercise Fitness Health

You realize that acclaimed saying, For getting healthy, the kind of food you eat is everything? Have you as the youthful age of today overlooked this significant principle? We are seeing an ever increasing number of overweight individuals at more youthful ages. Eating a lot of fat not just expands the hazard for creating coronary illness, diabetes, or malignant growth, it is likewise the significant supporter of those additional pounds of fat you may have added to your figure. Taking part in an activity program can effectsly affect your weight and by and large prosperity. Everybody realizes the numerous advantages practice has for the body, both intellectually and truly. Also, look into has uncovered what an incredible effect practicing at an early age can have as you become more seasoned. Similarly for instance, practice makes your bones denser, setting you up for a more full, progressively dynamic life when you’re more seasoned. Consider it a venture. Put admirably in your wellbeing when youthful. It is never past the point where it is possible to begin. It is in every case hard to set aside cash and abstain from spending the additional dollars, yet the result is extremely fulfilling. You need to go the additional mile, do what others aren’t sufficiently able to do. Regardless of whether you eat well, as this is a significant piece of a solid way of life, isn't sufficient, you should work out, work out, work out. Furthermore, don’t seek pills and elixirs for a handy solution. No logical information, until this point, bolsters any of the fascinating cases of boosting execution or dissolving endlessly fat. You aren’t going to acquire the appearance of a competitor without spilling out the perspiration of a competitor. Nobody ever says its simple, supposing that it wasn’t hard then everybody would do it. You can think about the way toward keeping up a solid body to the creation of wine. You initially should invest time and energy into growing a delicious arbor of grapes, pruning them spot on. The advantages of this difficult work is possibly observed after numerous years when you can at last appreciate a glass of the best wine your sweet lips have ever tasted.

Delayed Gratification and Impulse Control

Delayed Gratification and Impulse Control Theories Personality Psychology Print Delayed Gratification and Impulse Control Why waiting for what you want is better for your success and health By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 13, 2019 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Delayed gratification involves the ability to wait to get what you want. Learn more about why delaying gratification can often be so difficult as well as the importance of developing impulse control. What Is Delayed Gratification? What do you do at the annual company Christmas party when you encounter platters of delicious and tempting foods when you are trying to lose weight? If you give in and fill up your plate with fattening goodies, it might derail your diet, but you will get to enjoy a bit of instant gratification. If you manage to resist and spend the evening eating salad and munching on carrot sticks, then you will presumably receive an even greater reward down the lineâ€"shedding those unwanted pounds and being able to fit into your favorite pair of skinny jeans. This ability to resist temptation and stick to our goals is often referred to as willpower or self-control, and delaying gratification is often seen as a central part of this behavior. We put off what we want now so that we can perhaps get something else, something better, later on. Choosing a long-term reward over immediate gratification poses a major challenge in many areas of life. From avoiding a slice of chocolate cake when we are trying to lose weight to staying home to study instead of going out to a party with friends, the ability to delay gratification can mean the difference between achieving our goals or not. Do you have the ability to resist and receive a laterâ€"and even betterâ€"reward? Researchers have found that this ability to delay gratification is not just an important part of goal achievement. It might also have a major impact on long-term life success and overall well-being. The Stanford Marshmallow Experiment In a classic psychology experiment from the 1970s, a psychologist named Walter Mischel placed a treat in front of children and offered them a choiceâ€"they could either enjoy the treat now or wait a brief period of time in order to get two snacks. When the experimenter left the room, many of the kids immediately ate the treat (often a cookie or marshmallow), but a portion of the kids was able to put off the urge to enjoy the treat now and wait for the reward of getting two delicious goodies later on. What Mischel discovered was that the kids that were able to delay gratification had a number of advantages later on over the kids who simply could not wait. The children who had waited for the treatment performed better academically than kids that ate the treat right away. Those who delayed their gratification also displayed fewer behavioral problems and later had much higher SAT scores. Why Is It So Hard to Wait? So if the ability to control our impulses and delay gratification is so important, how exactly can people go about improving this ability? In follow-up experiments, Mischel found that using a number of distraction techniques helped children delay gratification more effectively. Such techniques included singing songs, thinking about something else, or covering their eyes. Delaying gratification isnt always so cut-and-dried in the real world, however. While the children in Mischels study had the promise of a secondary reward for waiting just a short period of time, everyday scenarios dont always come with this guarantee. If you give up that brownie, you still might not lose weight. If you skip a social event to study, you still might do poorly on the exam. It is this uncertainty that makes giving up immediate rewards so difficult. That delicious treat in front of you now is a sure thing, but your goal of losing weight seems much further off and not so certain.   In an article appearing in Cognition, neuroscientists Joseph W. Kable and Joseph T. McGuire of the University of Pennsylvania suggest that our uncertainty about future rewards is what makes delaying gratification such a challenge. The timing of real-world events is not always so predictable, they explain. Decision makers routinely wait for buses, job offers, weight loss, and other outcomes characterized by significant temporal uncertainty. In other words, we dont know when these long-term rewards will arriveâ€"or even if they will ever arrive. While going for the immediate reward is often viewed as a loss of self-control and giving in to temptation, it can actually represent a rational action in cases where a promised reward is uncertain or unlikely, McGuire and Kable suggest. Trust Is a  Critical Factor   Whether or not you are willing to wait might depend a lot on your worldview. Do you wait for something if you arent sure it will ever really happen? Do you have faith in your abilities to make things happen or trust that your goals will come to pass? In a more recent take on Mischels famous experiment, cognitive science student Celeste Kidd of the University of Rochester took a closer look at this issue of trust. The experiment was essentially the same as Mischels, but in half the cases the researchers broke their promise of offering a second treat and instead gave the children just an apology. When they ran the experiment a second time, the majority of the kids who received the promised treat in the first experiment were once again able to wait in order to receive a second treat. The kids who had been deceived the first time around werent willing to wait this timeâ€"they ate the marshmallows almost immediately after the researchers left the room. How to Increase the Ability to Delay Gratification Some strategies that might help you improve your ability to delay gratification include: Give definitive time-frames: In a situation where people are not sure when they will receive an expected reward, giving feedback on just how long they will have to wait can be beneficial. Train stations might post wait times, for example, while teachers might give students a definitive deadline for when students will receive a promised reward.Set realistic deadlines: When trying to achieve a goal, such as losing weight, people are sometimes prone to either setting unrealistic deadlines. For example, a person trying to lose weight will set himself up for failure if he makes a completely unrealistic goal of losing 10 pounds per week. When he fails to lose those first 10 pounds, he might then give up and give in to temptation. A more realistic goal of one pound per week would allow him to see real results of his efforts. Final Thoughts Delaying gratification certainly isnt easy in most cases, especially if we are not sure if the sought-after rewards will ever happen. But researchers have found that this ability to put off our immediate desires to pursue long-term goals just might be a critical part of success. While you might not always be able to resist instant gratification, trying a few new strategies and working on your willpower is certainly worth the effort.

The Nature And Role Of The Financial System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5345 Downloads: 11 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Financial system is a mechanism where economic exchange activities can be done. The economic activities can be done through the interaction between financial institutions and the financial market. The purposes of this interaction are to mobilize fund and providing payment facilities for the financing of commercial activities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Nature And Role Of The Financial System Finance Essay" essay for you Create order With the emergence of Islamic finance, the dual financial systems being introduce. In dual financial system the conventional financial systems operating side by side with the Islamic financial systems. The Islamic Financial system consists of the role of four essential mechanisms: The Islamic banking institutions, Takaful, Islamic Capital Market and Islamic Money market. The structure of this financial system may consist of specialized and non-specialized financial institutions, of organized and unorganized financial markets, of financial instruments and services which facilitate transfer of funds. It also comprises of procedures and practices adopted in the Islamic financial markets. The operation and mechanism of the financial system is scrutinized by Bank Negara Malaysia advisory board and Securities Commission Syariah Advisory Board to ensure compliance of Islamic rules and regulations. The Islamic financial institutions which are govern and control under Bank Negara Malays ia are the organizations that mobilize the depositors savings, and provide financing, acting as creditor or in the form of capital venture or financing in the form of profit and loss sharing (PLS). They also provide various financial services to the community, particularly business organizations. The activities will be dealing in financial assets such as deposits, loans, securities or dealing in real assets such as machinery, equipment, stocks of goods and real estate. The activities of different financial institutions may be either specialized or their function may be overlap. They may be classified base on the basis of their primary activity or the degree of their specialization with relation to savers or borrowers with whom they customarily deal or scope of activity or the type of ownership are some of the criteria which are often used to classify a large number and variety of financial institutions which exist in the economy. Financial institutions are divided into banking an d non-banking institutions. The banking institutions traditionally participate in the economys payments mechanism, i.e., they provide transactions services, their deposit liabilities constitute a major part of the national money supply, and they can, as a whole, create deposits or credit, which is money and Banks, subject to legal reserve requirements, can advance credit by creating claims against themselves. Financial institutions are also classified as intermediaries and non-intermediaries. As the term indicates, intermediaries intermediate between savers and investors; they lend money as well as mobilize savings; their liabilities are towards the ultimate savers, while their assets are from the investors or borrowers. Non-intermediary institutions do the loan business but their resources are not directly obtained from the savers. All banking institutions are intermediaries. Many non-banking institutions also act as intermediaries) and when they do so they are known as Non-Banking Financial Intermediaries. The Evolution of Financial Intermediaries in Malaysia In this section, our task is to survey the landscape and identify the institutional players. By describing what financial intermediaries look like today, it is also revealing to see how financial intermediaries have evolved over the last century. Institutional Players The banking system in Malaysia, which is the major component of the financial sector, consists of Bank Negara Malaysia, commercial banks, Islamic banks, International Islamic banks, Investment bank, other non bank institutions and money brokers. Which are all regulated and supervised by Bank Negara Malaysia.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The other non-bank institutions are supervised by other government agencies. These institutions can be divided into four major groups, consisting of the development finance institutions, the saving institutions, the provident and pension funds, and a group of other financial intermediaries, comprising of building societies, unit trusts and property trusts, leasing companies, factoring companies, credit token companies, venture capital companies, special investment agencies and several financial institutions such as the National Mortgage Corporation (Cagamas) and Credit Guarantee Corporation. The traditional banking system role has been to make long- term loans and fund them by issuing short-term deposits.  [1]  But banking systems are prohibited from engaging in securities market activities such as securities underwriting or the sale of trust funds. Therefore, the current design of non-bank financial institution are allowed to deal in the securities market a part of providing services which are similar to the banking system. The contribution of each non-bank financial institutions: insurance companies and pension funds; they receive investment funds from their customers, both of these institutions place their money in a variety of money-earning investments. Leasing companies; they purchase equipment/asset and then lease to businesses for a set number of years. Factoring companies; provide specialized forms of credit to businesses by making loans and purchasing accounts receivable at a discount, usually assumes responsibility for collecting the debt, specialize in bill processing and collections and to take advantage of e conomies of scale. Market makers; as an agent that offer to buy or sell security (trading in securities),  [2]  storage the securities and insured the securities against loss, provide margin credit,  [3]  cash management account services.  [4] Trust funds; pool the funds of many small investors and purchase large quantities of securities, offer a wide variety of funds designed to appeal to most investment strategies, allow the small investors to obtain the benefits of lower transaction costs in purchasing securities and reduce the risk by diversifying the portfolio. The National Mortgage Corporation; is to promote the secondary mortgage market in Malaysia, with the issuance of secondary mortgage securities, Cagamas Berhad performs the function of an intermediary to bring together the primary lenders of housing loans and investors of long-term funds. Evolution The evolution of financial intermediation in Malaysia is reflected in Table 1. Table 1 shows the major financial intermediaries by assets and also by percentage share (in parentheses) from 1960 to 2000. To the extent that we can view the pace of financial intermediation as a horse race, there seem to be a clear winners and losers. For example, in terms of relative importance the winners are unit trust, Cagamas Berhad, leasing companies, factoring companies and venture capital companies. Commercial banks and finance companies are losers. These findings raise some interesting questions. First, what caused the change in the mix of financial intermediaries? In this section, we will examine this evolutionary process via three factors. Deregulation of Interest Rate Interest rate deregulation that affects loan pricing takes its earliest form.  [5]  Canada, in 1960, was the first to deregulate its interest rate. Other countries deregulated in the 1980s or thereafter.  [6]  This deregulation allows more freedom and activity to the banks and other institutions to issue new depository products as well as diversified short and long term credit instruments.  [7]  Leightner and Lovell (1998) state that some relaxation to the banks portfolio were part of the liberalization that enables bank to diversify investment to private as well as the foreign equity.  [8]  This made possible with the establishment of the foreign exchange market and the expansion of the underwriting activities of the financial intermediaries. Liberalization in Japan and Germany for instance, brings new paradigm to the roles of the banking institutions. The bank in Germany and Japan is no longer to be a creditor, but can also be the equity holder and in the board of directors and management. Liberalization of the banking industry, for example in Malaysia and some other countries, take banking institution into a new dimension that is the establishment of Islamic banking.  [9]  The increasing demand on the interest free banking offer by the Islamic financial institutions leads many conventional banks to offer Islamic counter or rather known as dual banking. This development happens to Muslim and non-Muslim countries. The results show that the individuals prefer to diversify their investment other than deposits. In particular, they invest in securities such as stocks, bonds and unit trusts. Therefore, new investment in unit trust for the small saver altered permanently the financial landscape. The Institutionalization of Financial Markets Institutionalization refers to the fact that more and more funds in Malaysia have been flowing indirectly into the financial markets through financial intermediaries, particularly pension funds, trust funds and insurance companies rather than directly from savers. As a result, these institutional players have become much more important in the financial markets relative to individual investors. What caused institutionalization? Quite simply, it was driven by the growth of these financial intermediaries, particularly pension and unit trust.  [10]  Pension fund growth was encouraged by government policy. Tax laws, for instance, encourage employers to help their employees by substituting pension benefits for wages. This is good for employees because they do not pay taxes on their pension benefits until they are received after retirement. Unit trusts gained considerably from these changes in pension plan laws. Defined contribution plans were allowed to include unit trust on th e menu of assets for which plan members could choose. In addition, the increasing attractiveness of specialized funds such as bond funds and index funds has also fueled unit trust fund growth. The Transformation of Traditional Banking The fact that banks are exposed to the non-performing loans that stood at 9.1% for the periods of 1997 to 1999 and it seems to us that banking is a declining industry. However, first, the so-called decline of commercial banking is limited to a decline in the relative importance of commercial banking. As shown in Table 1, the decline of commercial banks assets as a fraction of total intermediated assets from 43.4% in 1980 to 41.3% in 2001. Table 1 also shows that banking industry assets actually increased between 1960 and 2000. In other words, bank assets have actually increased just not as fast as the assets of other financial intermediaries. Second, many of the new innovative activities in which banks engage are not reflected on bank balance sheets as assets even though they add significantly to bank revenue.  [11]  These include, for example, trading in interest rate and currency swaps, selling derivative instruments and issuing credit guarantees. Third, banks have a stro ng comparative advantage in lending to individuals and small businesses.  [12]  Finally, banks have joined forces with a number of other types of financial intermediaries.  [13]  For example, banks have combined with unit trust funds, merchant banks, insurance companies and finance companies. Bank acquisitions of non-bank financial intermediaries are part of broader consolidation of the entire financial services industry. Diagram 1: Structure of Regulatory Framework Minister of Land and Co-operative Development Licensing of : Brokers Representatives Trading Adviser Representatives Fund Managers Representatives Minister of Finance Minister of Domestic Trade Consumer Affairs Securities Commission Act 1993 Securities Industry Act 1983 Registrar of Companies Securities Commission Future Industry Act 1993 Companies Act 1965 Cooperative Act 1993 Kuala Lumpur Stock exchange (KLSE) BNM Islamic Banking Act 1983 Licensing of Dealers Representatives Investment Adviser Representatives Fund Managers Representatives Securities Clearing Automated Network Sdn Bhd (SCANS) Malaysian Central Depository Sdn Bhd (MCD) Kuala Lumpur Commodity Exchange (KLCE) Malaysian Futures Clearing Corporation Sdn Bhd (MFCC) Kuala Lumpur Options Financial Futures Exchange (KLOFFE) Malaysian Monetary Exchange (MME) Malaysian Derivative Clearing House Sdn Bhd (MDCH) Table 1: Malaysia: Assets of the Financial System, 1960-2000 As at end of (RM million) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Banking System 2,356 (66.3) 7,455 (64.1) 54,346 (73.3) 223,500 (69.8) 829,900 (66.8) Central Bank 1,114 (31.4) 2,422 (20.8) 12,994 (17.5) 37,500 (11.7) 148,900 (12.0) Commercial Banks 1,232 (34.7) 4,460 (38.4) 32,186 (43.4) 130,600 (40.8) 513,600 (41.3) Finance Companies 10 (0.3) 531 (4.6) 5,635 (7.6) 39,400 (12.3) 109,400 (8.8) Merchant Banks 2,229 (3.0) 11,100 (3.5) 36,900 (3.0) Discount Houses 42 (0.4) 1,292 (1.7) 4,900 (1.5) 21,100 (1.7) Non-Bank Financial Intermediries 1,197 (33.7) 4,167 (35.9) 19,807 (26.7) 96,900 (30.2) 413,100 (33.2) Provident and Pension Funds 733 (20.6) 2,717 (23.4) 11,370 (15.3) 51,800 (16.2) 217,600 (17.5) Life and General Insurance Funds 103 (2.9) 439 (3.8) 2,476 (3.3) 10,300 (3.2) 52,200 (4.2) Development Financial Institutions 113 (1.0) 2,193 (3.0) 6,000 (1.9) 25,100 (2.0) Savings Institutions 267 (7.5) 645 (5.5) 2,463 (3.3) 10,000 (3.1) 32,300 (2.6) Other Intermediaries 93 (2.6) 233 (2.0) 1,305 (1.8) 19,800 (6.2) 85,900 (6.9) Total 3,553 11,622 74,153 320,400 1243,000 Source: Bank Negara Malaysia, Annual Reports (various issues) Financial Markets Financial markets are the centers or an arrangement that provide facilities for buying and selling of financial claims and services the corporations, financial institutions, individuals and governments trade in financial products in these markets either directly or through brokers and dealers on organized exchanges or off-exchanges. The participants on the demand and supply sides of these markets are financial institutions, agents, brokers, dealers, borrowers, lenders, savers, and others who are interlinked by the laws, contracts, covenants and communication networks. Financial markets are sometimes classified as primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) markets. The primary markets deal in the new financial claims or new securities and, therefore, they are also known as new issue markets. On the other hand, secondary markets deal in securities already issued or existing or outstanding. The primary markets mobilize savings and supply fresh or additional capital to business units. A lthough secondary markets do not contribute directly to the supply of additional capital, they do so indirectly by rendering securities issued on the primary markets liquid. Stock markets have both primary and secondary market segments. Very often financial markets are classified as money markets and capital markets, although there is no essential difference between the two as both perform the same function of transferring resources to the producers. This conventional distinction is based on the differences in the period of maturity of financial assets issued in these markets. While money markets deal in the short-term claims (with a period of maturity of one year or less), capital markets do so in the long-term (maturity period above one year) claims. Contrary to popular usage, the capital market is not only co-extensive with the stock market; but it is also much wider than the stock market. Similarly, it is not always possible to include a given participant in either of the two (money and capital) markets alone. Commercial banks, for example, belong to both. While treasury bills market, call money market, and commercial bills market are examples of money market, stock market and government bonds market are examples of capital market. Keeping in view different purposes, financial markets have also been classified into the following categories: (a) organized and unorganized, (b) formal and informal, (c) official and parallel, and (d) domestic and foreign. There is no precise connotation with which the words unorganized and informal are used in this context. They are quite often used interchangeably. The financial transactions which take place outside the well-established exchanges or without systematic and orderly structure or arrangements constitute the unorganized markets. They generally refer to the markets in villages or rural areas, but they exist in urban areas also. Interbank money markets and most foreign exchange markets do not have organized excha nges. But they are not unorganized markets in the same way the rural markets are. The informal markets are said to usually involve families and small groups of individuals lending and borrowing from each other. This description cannot be strictly applied to the foreign exchange markets, but they are also mostly informal markets. The nature, meaning, and scope of activities of these types of markets will be discussed later in the book. As mentioned earlier, financial systems deal in financial services and claims or financial assets or securities or financial instruments. These services and claims are many and varied in character. This is so because of the diversity of motives behind borrowing and lending. The stage of development of the financial system can often be judged from the diversity of financial instruments that exist in the system. It is not possible here to discuss individually the nature of various financial claims that exist in the financial system. The financial a ssets represent a claim to the payment of a sum of money sometime in the future (repayment of principal) and/or a periodic (regular or not so regular) payment in the form of interest or dividend. With regard to bank deposit or government bond or industrial debenture, the holder receives both the regular periodic payments and the repayment of the principal at a fixed date. Whereas with regard to ordinary share or perpetual bond, only periodic payments are received (which are regular in the case of perpetual bond but may be irregular in the case of ordinary share). Financial securities are classified as primary (direct) and secondary (indirect) securities. The primary securities are issued by the ultimate investors directly to the ultimate savers as ordinary shares and debentures, while the secondary securities are issued by the financial intermediaries to the ultimate savers as bank deposits, units, insurance policies, and so on. For the purpose of certain types of analysis, it is al so useful to talk about ownership securities (viz., shares) and debt securities (viz., debentures, deposits). Financial instruments differ from each other in respect of their investment characteristics which, of course, are interdependent and interrelated. Among the investment characteristics of financial assets or financial products, the following are important: (i)liquidity, (ii) marketability, (iii) reversibility, (iv) transferability, (v) transactions costs, (vi) risk of default or the degree of capital and income uncertainty, and a wide array of other risks, (vii) maturity period, (viii) tax status, (ix) options such as call-back or buy-back option, (x) volatility of prices, and (xi) the rate of return-nominal, effective, and real. DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF A CAPITAL MARKET (THE ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS) The previous section gave a brief overview of the major types of financial institu ­tions. To understand why financial institutions exist and the economic services that they provide, it is important to understand the different ways in which funds are transferred within an economy between businesses, government, and households (economic entities) that need to borrow funds (borrowers) and those that have sur ­plus funds to lend (investors). In a very simple economy without financial institutions, transactions between, different borrowers and lenders are difficult to arrange. Borrowers and savers incur significant search and information costs trying to find each other. Transactions be ­tween borrowers and savers may also be limited, because few financial contracts in ­volve only two parties. Similarly, risks are great, since individual entities have little or no knowledge of each other and little ability to monitor each others actions. Also, the transaction s costs may be so high that small entities may be unwilling to supply funds. Investors also have little ability to diversify their risk, due to the high cost of many financial contracts. Supplier of funds: surplus (savings) units Lenders: Housesolders, companies, governments, rest of the worlds Demand of funds: deficit unit Borrowers: Housesolders, companies, governments, rest of the worlds Financial Markets Financial institutions help to reduce transactions, search, monitoring, and infor ­mation costs. They provide risk management services and allow investors to diversify their risk and hold portfolios of financial assets by creating ways of indirect financing. Financial institutions also play important roles in an efficient payment system be ­tween entities and in managing pure risk (insurance). The upper panel of Figure 1 shows the role of financial institutions as intermedi ­aries between borrowers and lenders. The term primary securitie s refers to direct financial claims against individuals, governments, and non-financial firms. A simple economy without any financial insti ­tutions would accommodate only direct financial claims or financial contracts. In ef ­fect, a borrower gives an investor a financial contract or direct financial claim or se ­curity that promises a stake in the borrowers company (i.e., shares of stock) or future payments returning the amount invested plus interest (i.e., a bond, or some other sort of IOU). These are examples of direct or primary securities. As an economy develops, markets emerge for trading direct securities. Some function as auction markets, where trading is carried out in one physical location, as occurs on the New York Stock Exchange; others function as over-the-counter mar ­kets, where trading is carried out by distant contacts, perhaps over the phone and computer, as on the National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) sy stem. Loans made directly with borrowers are another example of a primary or direct security, where a direct contract is made between a borrower and a bank or other individual lender. Table 1.2 provides examples of primary securities in the first column. The financial assets owned by banks, insurance companies, and mu ­tual funds, such as loans, bonds, and common stock, are all direct securities, where the lenders give funds to the borrowers, and the lenders receive financial contracts guaranteeing repayment of funds plus interest or shares of ownership in the bor ­rower companies. Investors lend funds in return for a direct or primary security. Secondary securities, in contrast, are financial liabilities of financial institu ­tions-that is, claim against financial institutions. In Table 1.2, financial institu ­tions liabilities-deposits, policyholder reserve obligations, and mutual fund shares-are secondary securities or claims against financial insti tutions. In effect, fi ­nancial institutions created secondary securities that offer advantages over primary securities or direct financial claims. EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SECURITIES Primary Securities Secondary Securities Commercial loans Savings deposits Mortgage loans Transaction deposits Consumer loans Certificates of deposit Government bonds Insurance policyholders reserves Corporate bonds Mutual fund shares Corporate common stock Pension fund reserves Table 1.2 shows this type of indirect financing. Unfortunately, like most fields, finance sometimes uses confusing terminology. Readers should carefully avoid confusing the use of the words primary and secondary in this dis ­cussion with their use in other contexts. For example, students who have previously stud ­ied corporate finance or investments may have encountered the terms primary and sec ­ondary markets; primary markets are those for originally issued securities, and secondary markets handle resale of securities. In the context of this chapter, primary and secondary distinguish between issuers of securities and not between changes in securities ownership. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MARKET In a market economy the existence of financial markets can greatly ease the process of exchanging loanable funds for financial claims. A firm that wants to borrow money can go to the market in the knowledge that those with funds to lend will be there. The process is made easier still if specialist traders are known to be actively participating in the markets, buying and selling financial claims on their own account, thereby smoothing over days on which trading is thin or when there is an excess of potential borrowers or lenders. Further economies are achieved if agents or brokers can be employed to enter the market representing the customer to buy and sell securities. The existence of the market serves borrowers and lenders alike by reducing the search costs which each has to incur to get in touch with the other, and also maintains confidence in market prices. Markets do not always have a physical location. A market for loanable funds might consist of nothing more than a list of kn own dealers who can be contacted by letter or telephone. The International Stock Exchange is the centre of the securities market. It has both a physical trading site which is used for a very small number of securities, and a highly developed system of trading which takes place in a number of locations via computer linkages. The discount market is another traditional financial market, but one which operates without a physical site at all. This market operates by representatives of the discount houses maintaining close daily contact with the leading banks, either by telephone or personal visits, to determine where trading opportunities are. Two types of financial markets exist for real and financial assets, and it is important to distinguish between them. A primary market for financial assets deals in new issues of all types of loanable funds. Transactions in primary markets result either in the creation or in the extinction of financial claims. The creation of a new loan causes th e transfer of cash from a lender to a borrower in exchange for a financial claim on the latter. The claim is extinguished when the cash, usually interest and principal, has been repaid to the lender. A secondary market is a market in old issues. Transactions in secondary markets do not create or extinguish financial claims. Cash does not pass between borrowers and lenders, but existing issues simply change hands. The borrower remains unaffected by the transaction while the lender transfers the right of repayment to another. The main economic function of the secondary markets is to support the operations of the associated primary markets for new issues by providing liquidity to lenders. In the absence of a developed secondary market an individual saver might be very unwilling to lend out money for long periods of time, except at rates of high interest too high to be attractive to borrowers. If the chances of making a sale when necessary are unacceptably low, no lender would commit fu nds. Therefore an active secondary market is essential for an active primary one. However, there is no guarantee that the lender will receive back in sale proceeds the full amount at the time they are sold, since markets fluctuate all the time, and prices are not constant. Secondary markets also contribute to the efficiency of the primary market by providing pricing information. In the share market, for example, the current prices of traded securities significantly reduce the problem of setting a price on new issues with similar risk profiles, and information from the secondary market will also influence the attitude of potential participants in primary markets. Figure 3.2 illustrates the connections between primary and secondary markets. Not all primary markets have secondary markets associated with them and some securities are issued for which there are no secondary markets, that is, the securities are not negotiable. Conversely, for every secondary market there must exist, or have existed, an associated primary market. The distinction between primary and secondary markets is not unique to financial markets. The same is true in the markets for physical goods. There is both a market for new and for used cars. In the primary car market, newly manufactured cars are sold, and in the secondary market, often in a different location and involving another group of participants, used cars are bought and sold. On the other hand, a haircut is an example of a good, or in this case a service, bought in a primary market, but for which a secondary market does not exist. It is possible for a physical good to be sold or a financial security to be issued in a primary market which subsequently ceases to function, leaving the secondary market only. Examples are to be found in the markets for farm land and the paintings of old masters. The creation of new farm land is limited to countries still exploiting formerly unused land, whereas in the UK, there has been a substantial a nd continuing loss of farm land to other uses. In the case of the paintings of continued to be actively traded. The mismatch in activity levels of the primary and secondary markets for securities is not usually quite so marked, but it is considerable. Another example is that of ECU denominated bonds where the market effectively disappeared during 1992/3 and then recovered. Trading in new issues of ordinary shares, for example, is variable in frequency and may be subject to distortionary pricing. But trading in existing corporate issues is very active, although the monetary value of money transactions is not always very great. Some controversy surrounds the economic function of the secondary markets. The fact that there is active trading in these markets, sometimes in circumstances where the associated primary market appears to have disappeared, often leads financial commentators and others to conclude that the activities of these secondary markets are bringing about a misallocati on of resources. But consider the choices open to savers who wish to invest. They can invest in the markets, either directly or through an intermediary. The saver has the choice of either lending directly to a deficit unit via the primary markets or of purchasing an existing security in the secondary markets. If an existing security is purchased, the previous holder of that security will receive cash which can be used either to spend on consumption goods and services or reinvested in the financial markets. Only if the money is spent on imported goods, or in the acquisition of foreign assets are the proceeds lost to the economy. Finally it is desirable that markets should operate in such a way that savings are directed to the most productive firms, or be allocatively efficient. This is attractive to individual lenders, as it leads to maximum return and minimum risk, the optimal trade-off facing the investor. If managers in financial institutions consis ­tently place lenders fu nds with borrowers yielding low returns or high default records, investors will either take their funds elsewhere, increase the interest compensation they require, or impose severe restrictions on the kinds of business in which they will invest. Allocative efficiency may also be desirable from a social point of view and savings should flow to the most productive firms to benefit the economy as a whole. The problem gets more complicated when viewed from this angle because the definition of productivity from a social perspective may be different from that taken by lenders. Lenders may not care whether the firms to whom they lend are monopolists, pollute the atmosphere or engage in illegal activities, but other groups in society might. Clearly, it is possible for there to be conflict between the objectives of the individual decision-makers and the wishes of society. This problem can even exist within a single group of investors. Pension funds, for example, invest money in order to p rovide pensions for their members but may find that some of their members demand that the funds are not invested overseas or in a competing firm in the same sector. Whilst these decisions may. if sufficiently widespread, affect the relative issue costs, it is not clear that the result should be interpreted as being allocatively inefficient. This idea that investors should have a strong view about the uses to which their funds are put is becoming increasingly important and is taken seriously by fund managers, and many financial institutions use ethical or environmental factors in their marketing. In a monetary economy, the distinction between saving and investment is a real one. Savings can always be held in the form of cash and near-cash assets, such as precious metals. To lend is to forgo liquidity. In order to stimulate long-term lending it is necessary to provide the means by which lenders can restore liquidity without calling in their loans. This is the function of the secondary markets. DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETS Whenever funds change hands as a result of voluntary exchanges, financial markets can be said to exist, but some markets function better than others. It is helpful to have criteria which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of these markets. To begin with primary markets, the most pressing need of users is that they should be able to do business with each other at low cost. If transactions costs, such as brokerage fees, are a significant proportion of the funds borrowed then the effective rate of interest paid on loans will be very high, reducing the demand for loanable funds. So one test of the economic value of a primary market is the average proportion of the borrowed funds consumed in transaction costs. It is also beneficial to be confident about the existence of a healthy secondary market, and be sure that securities are truly negotiable. The main value here is in minimising the interest compensation sought by lenders. It follows that a primary market should operate in su ch a way that it minimises disruptions to the secondary markets. Suppose each new issue of loans caused dramatic falls in the prices of old issues, perhaps because each new issue more than marginally increased the total stock of a particular type of security. The effect of new issues might then be decrease the price and undermine the value, and hence the liquidity, of old issues, in turn negatively affecting the primary market. Therefore, it is desirable that transactions in the secondary market should be much greater in value and volume than those in the primary one. There are limits to the extent to which it is possible for markets to bring about the optimal allocation of funds. Mistakes occur because decisions are made with imperfect information, but the costs of gaining more information are greater than the benefits. The additional information may be known to transactors in the secondary market, and if so, the condition and prospects of borrowers will be monitored there. To now consider secondary markets, it is important to remember that the purpose of a secondary market is to enable holders of securities to convert them into cash without undue loss. Therefore one desirable characteristic of this market is for it to be an active one.

The Lateral Sclerosis ( Als ) Is A Neurodegenerative...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes loss of motor neurons and progressive weakness including loss of speech(Wijesekera Leigh, 2009). Its onset typically occurs in the sixth decade of life but rare instances can happen earlier. It can begin as bulbar onset which affects the voice, breathing and speech patterns or limb onset which can begin in the arms or legs (Wijesekera Leigh, 2009). Roughly 90% of cases of ALS are sporadic and not linked to familial history of the disease(Wijesekera Leigh, 2009). Once ALS starts it almost always progresses, eventually taking away the ability to walk, dress, write, speak, swallow, and breathe and shortening the life span. There is no treatment or cure for ALS, however there are a few drugs which have been able to slow the progression of the disease in some patients. As a result affected individuals become â€Å"locked in† and unable to communicate. These patients can benefit greatly from the use of a brain computer interface (BCI)(Birbaumer, 2006; Coyle, Ward, Markham, McDarby, 2004). BCI can help individuals communicate without relying on muscular control, which is critical for clinical populations of neuromuscular disease patients, such ALS (Wolpaw, 2002). The use of BCI can enable communication and increase quality of life but to date the effects of mental fatigue have been ignored. However, the current state of BCI technology and overall usability is not advanced enough to replace moreShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Lou Gehrig, The Greatest New York Yankee Baseball1967 Words   |  8 Pageswith a â€Å"rare disease† – amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Mitsumoto, 2001). Today ALS is no longer considered rare and is widely recognized as a relentless and devastating neurodegenerative disease. 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Cultural Competence in Nursing Free Essays

Cultural competence is defined as possessing the skills and knowledge necessary to appreciate, respect, and work with individuals from different cultures. It is a concept that requires self-awareness, awareness and understanding of cultural differences, and the ability to adapt to clinical skills and practices as needed (London et al. 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Competence in Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Orthodox Jewish community, there are many strict cultural guidelines that the women must adhere to. Within the following paper I will provide examples that demonstrate why cultural competency is important in nursing. When seeking treatment in the Orthodox Jewish law,it permits men and women from being alone together unless they are close family member, or married to each other. This law applies when the women is being examined by a physician or a health care provider. For the Orthodox Jewish woman, a female provider is preferable, but the woman will choose the provider she feels is qualified to provide her with the best quality of care and who has the best reputation in his/her field (Abdelhak 2005). Spousal involvement in the delivery of a child is limited; a nurse may misunderstand a husbands lack of support as being neglectful to his wife, the nurse is not being culturally sensitive to the Orthodox couple. The nurse must understand according to the Jewish laws, if a woman is unclean with mucous discharge, bloody show, or amniotic fluid, The husband must exit the room as he is not allowed stay in the room with his wife while she is being examined, unless she is fully covered and will not be exposed to him. To be considered clean again after childbirth or menstruation , the women must go to a ritual bath called the † Mikveh†. The Orthodox Jewish women must consult with their Rabbi for approval of procedures or treatments; amniocentesis or elective cesarean sections. In such cases Orthodox Jewish couples may call their rabbi to ask for guidance on the subject or to get a blessing from him that all will go well. This would not be done in medical emergencies, such as a cesarean section for fetal distress or for inductions for medically indicated reasons (Abdelhak 2005). In the Orthodox Jewish community they believe in â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply†. It is Gods will how many children she will have, in this case the woman will avoid ever having a cesarean section as it can limit the amount of children she can have and she will not be able to fulfill Gods will. After childbirth, the nurse must be aware of the religious practices of naming a child. The woman will not fill her paperwork at the hospital, but rather fill it after the ceremony and return its afterwards. The giving of the name is thought to be a religious event and will lose significance if it is announced before either of these times (Abdelhak 2005). Orthodox Jews observe the Sabbath or Shobbas, which begins at sundown Friday evening and ends on Saturday evening. At this time no electrical appliance may be used or or any traveling by car. If the orthodox Jewish woman is discharged the day of Shobbas; the nurse should know that she will not be able to leave the hospital until Shobbas has ended. To accommodate to her needs the nurse should make sure the woman has a meal before her discharge planning. in the Orthodox Jewish law it permits men and women from being alone together unless they are close family member, or married to each other. This law applies when the women is being examined by a physician or a health care provider. For the Orthodox Jewish woman, a female provider is preferable, but the woman will choose the provider she feels is qualified to provide her with the best quality of care and who has the best reputation in his/her field (Abdelhak 2005). Spousal involvement in the delivery of a child is limited. A nurse may feel that the husband is showing no spousal support or compassion to his wife. During the delivery the nurse can encourage him to give his wife support verbally, but the nurse must understand according to the Jewish laws, if a woman is unclean with mucous discharge, bloody show, or amniotic fluid. The husband may exit the room as he is not allowed stay in the room with his wife while she is being examined, unless she is fully covered and will not be exposed to him. To be considered clean again after childbirth or menstruation , the women must go to a ritual bath called the † Mikveh†. The Orthodox Jewish women must consult with their Rabbi for approval of procedures or treatments; amniocentesis or elective cesarean sections. In such cases Orthodox Jewish couples may call their rabbi to ask for guidance on the subject or to get a blessing from him that all will go well. This would not be done in medical emergencies, such as a cesarean section for fetal distress or for inductions for medically indicated reasons (Abdelhak 2005). In the Orthodox Jewish community they believe in â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply†. It is Gods will how many children she will have, in this case the woman will avoid ever having a cesarean section as it can limit the amount of children she can have and she will not be able to fulfill Gods will. After childbirth, the nurse must be aware of the religious practices of naming a child. The woman will not fill her paperwork at the hospital, but rather fill it after the ceremony and return its afterwards. The giving of the name is thought to be a religious event and will lose significance if it is announced before either of these times (Abdelhak 2005). Orthodox Jews observe the Sabbath or Shobbas, which begins at sundown Friday evening and ends on Saturday evening. At this time no electrical appliance may be used or or any traveling by car. If the orthodox Jewish woman is discharged the day of Shobbas; the nurse should know that she will not be able to leave the hospital until Shobbas has ended. To accommodate to her needs the nurse should make sure the woman has a meal before her discharge planning. How to cite Cultural Competence in Nursing, Essay examples

Portfolio Structure - Guidelines and information

Question: Give the Guidelines and information while makingPortfolio? Answer: Introduction The interpersonal effectiveness is one of the most important skills required to succeed in any of the organisational roles in the (MacMillian et al., 2014) various industries across the globe. The interpersonal effectiveness of the individuals working in various organisational roles is linked to the organisational effectiveness skills held by them. A number of interpersonal effectiveness skills include conflict resolution strategies and communicational strategies. Interpersonal Effectiveness The skill of interpersonal effectiveness is such a skill which allows the individuals working in various organisational roles across the various industries to be able to manage with the various conflicts along with achieving whatever they have goals for. The skill of interpersonal effectiveness allows the individuals having borderline personality disorder to manage themselves in the situations (Paulsen, 2014) involving conflicts with the other employees in the workplace of the organisation. The interpersonal effectiveness skills also allows the individuals in the organisations to find a way to the goals set for the particular time period and to avoid the things which are not desirable. Critical Incident Analysis This is a technique which allows the observations of the behaviour of the individuals working in the organisations in various industries. These observations regarding the human behaviour are regarding some significant cases and situations which are also according to a set of defined criteria. These observations are analysed at a later stage to find solutions to a number of organisational problems and develop various theories regarding the behaviour of the employees in the workplace. Theoretical Analysis and Reflection According to the set Dutch test, I could find out that there are many conflicts in the thoughts of people as well as mine. The perspective to perceive different things adequately varies from person to person. Hence, there is a requirement of developing and coordination with the team in order to get a clear idea of the innovative thoughts which could lead to diversification in work and other organisations. (Anderson, 2014). The teams try to be equipped with better development where the feelings and the attitude is the most important factor anyone should focus upon. There is a need to realize the way which could provide efficient working in the team leading to an easier shortcut for designing and communicating. The development of the team mainly focus on the formation and the storming of the goals with a proper behaviour following the norms and performing them well. The communication and the way to please a person depends on the body language and the way he/she writes and the oral communication. There are markings and the human psychology completely understands the thoughts with which it is continuing its work in the same. The methods and the expressions mainly depend on the posture and the gesture which is generally products with the help of directions. The analysis and the incident take place due to misconceptions or the wrong attitude which is sent by the people to the commuter. One has to make sure that he/she is able to maintain the relationship, and there are no conflicts regarding the effectiveness in way which can help one to grab the attention. In (Fallowfield et al., 2014) comparison to others, I can say that according to myself I am calmer and try to approach to the people with a amiable look and with the intention to succumb the people which could help in bringing an overall change in the impression. Link to Organisation Effectiveness The organisation set-up is generally in the form which is trying to build up a relationship to set performance and quality with the organisations people. There is a need to maintain the characteristics which could relate to organisational performance, moving to communicate with the success where the main channel is to evaluate the richness, and leading to the acceptable level seeking, communication. With the proper communication and skill set-up, one is able to build up relationship which would try to integrate and diversify the plots in managing all the university conflicts, thereby, trying to manage the understanding and the way which would support diversification. A lot of awareness on the ground of equality could (Gearing Forbes, 2014) help in managing the people. In my university, there are many people and my colleagues who perceive one thing with a different frame of mind set. One has to settle and try to look forward in the ration that the cohesion to bring in the better effectiveness generally attracts the organisational work to set up awareness. Future Goals and Strategies With the effectiveness to build a better team, two main goals which should be set up are: Building a team which will evaluate and intervene according to the environment which will help in effectively managing the environment. The members mainly try to disagree and raise issues regarding the support and the communication which could be solves by mutual communication. The setting up of the goal and trying to implement the way to define the best objectives which would lead to an independent shortcut, generally supplies with the better organisations orientation. The definition to make up the convention will enhance and set up skills to think and critically maintain relationship. SMART goals for Development The organisation want to have people who are active and are able to be SMART with the qualities like being Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-Bounded will be successful in their life. One should try to build in confidence which would track the better performance along with the achievable goals. (Gillis et al., 2015). The management starts from the basic and there is a need to be renowned which could help in bringing a sufficient stabilisation to the community. The people have to set their goals which can provide with all the agile characteristics. The positive attitude and the way to grab the things come mainly from aligning the plan to a better direction which can support and contribute for an optimisation in the usage of all the resources. Conclusion With the developing technologies, there is a need to have awareness of the things which could embrace the knowledge of an individual to shine out brightly. There are people who mainly try to focus on how the things can work and bring smartness in the overall work of a person. Depending upon the resources, the portfolio is mainly to depict the quality of weakness and strengths, bringing a change in the thoughts and rise above the way of all the organisational abilities. The people and the universities are trying to embrace in confidence which would sort out and change the revolutionary effect in the world. Reference Gillis, A. E., Morris, M. C., Ridgway, P. F. (2015). Communication skills assessment in the final postgraduate years to established practice: a systematic review.Postgraduate medical journal,91(1071), 13-21. Fallowfield, L., Langridge, C., Jenkins, V. (2014). Communication skills training for breast cancer teams talking about trials.The Breast,23(2), 193-197. Gearing, P. J., Forbes, M. (2014). Creating a functional musician: a performance workshop model.The International Journal of Arts Education,7(3), 39-46. Anderson, S. (2014). Energy Resource Management (AAS). Paulsen, K. C. (2014). Kristen Paulsen Honors Portfolio. McMillan, L. R., Parker, F., Sport, A. (2014). Decisions, decisions! E-portfolio as an effective hiring assessment tool.Nursing management,45(4), 52-54.

Shelby Steel interview with Bill Moyers

Strategies to incorporate when engaged in a strong discussion A discussion refers to a situation where two parties are involved in a conversation about a particular topic with the intention of getting more insight about the topic. Both parties normally prepare for the event so that once it starts the flow will not be interrupted. All the parties are expected to contribute to the topic and share the ideas they have (Ur 56).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shelby Steel interview with Bill Moyers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Preparation is, therefore, important as it ensures that any question that may arise will be tackled without any hesitation. A discussion may get intense and deep such that it requires some techniques to be able to get through it successfully. Some of the strategies that one may employ under these circumstances are discussed below. The first strategy is to maintain ones composure. It is very important to be composed throughout the discussion. This will ensure that a person is able to respond promptly and accurately to any question that may be subjected to him/her. Composure also increases the confidence of a person. It ensures that the manner in which the discussion is carried out will be in order. Composure will also aid in ensuring that the discussion will be carried out to completion. If one is not composed, he/she may end up aborting the discussion prematurely (Ur 57). The second strategy is to ensure that one is prepared enough for the topic to be discussed. Adequate and wide research about the topic to be discussed needs to be conducted before one goes for the discussion. Preparation ensures that one is able to respond to any situation appropriately. It also ensures that even if the discussion becomes heated, the parties are still able to give sensible responses and they do not overreact. Adequate preparation also ensures that the parties expect all sorts of quest ions during the discussion thus preventing any feeling of discomfort during the discussion. This situation may arise if questions which the parties participating in the discussion had not prepared for come up. Shelby Steele’s perspective about affirmative action Firstly, Shelby believes that there are bargainers and challengers. The challengers are the groups of people who when they consider someone to be a racist will keep this belief until the person proves themselves otherwise. On the other hand, the bargainers are those who decide to cope with the racists so long as they keep their racist behavior to themselves. Shelby felt that the racist behavior of the whites was inherent and could be eliminated completely within a short time.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He considered that not all the whites were racists as perceived by other people. He also said that the white s had an obligation to the blacks and this might be attributed to the struggles that were inflicted on the blacks by the whites. He said that change would not be instantaneous although measures were taken to ensure that happened. He also went on to say that the pretence between both the blacks and the whites would make the quest for affirmative action drag for a long time. The perspective of Shelby about affirmative action is not correct according to my view. The fact that he believes that affirmative action will not be achieved in the near future has no base and is incorrect. Enormous efforts are being made to ensure that affirmative action is implemented. This together with the cooperation of both the whites and the blacks will ensure that the racist behavior is eliminated within the minimum possible time. Works Cited Ur, Penny. Discussions that Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Print. This essay on Shelby Steel interview with Bill Moyers was written and submitted by user Emmy P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Outsourcing American Jobs To India

Outsourcing American Jobs to India When it comes down to companies hiring five or six highly educated, English speaking Indian Engineers in place of one American Engineer, you can see why Americans are in fear of losing their jobs. In 1991 the Communication and Information division of the Government of India set up a civilization called Software Technology Parks of India, to endorse the software exports from India. India also has one of the largest competitive technical workforces and they are providing a cost effective solution for companies both large and small. India graduates 50,000 engineers a year. Bangalore alone graduates 40,000 a year. Bangalore is one of the most industrialized cities in India (Hingorani, 2005). Bangalore is the capitol of Karnataka, this is the sixth largest city in India. Bangalore has a growing population of six million. That averages 7,100 people per square mile. Traffic in Bangalore is outrageous. A ride that took twenty minutes a few years ago is now two hours. When the dot – com stock market crashed in 2000, companies were left scrambling to pick up the pieces. Texas Instruments was the first known company to outsource and build a technology center in Bangalore India in 1986 (Biz news, 2005). But it wasn’t until the dot - com crash outsourcing became really well heard about. Outsourcing is a process in which a company sends some of its in house operation out to a third party operation. This third party is working for about five cents on an American dollar. Along with the India’s Government constantly reinforcing their commitment to the Information Technology (IT) industry with its simple policies. Although some companies are concerned about the loss of American jobs, they can get the same quality work for lower wages. How can these advantages of outsourcing their products to India be ignored? Two thirds of ... Free Essays on Outsourcing American Jobs To India Free Essays on Outsourcing American Jobs To India Outsourcing American Jobs to India When it comes down to companies hiring five or six highly educated, English speaking Indian Engineers in place of one American Engineer, you can see why Americans are in fear of losing their jobs. In 1991 the Communication and Information division of the Government of India set up a civilization called Software Technology Parks of India, to endorse the software exports from India. India also has one of the largest competitive technical workforces and they are providing a cost effective solution for companies both large and small. India graduates 50,000 engineers a year. Bangalore alone graduates 40,000 a year. Bangalore is one of the most industrialized cities in India (Hingorani, 2005). Bangalore is the capitol of Karnataka, this is the sixth largest city in India. Bangalore has a growing population of six million. That averages 7,100 people per square mile. Traffic in Bangalore is outrageous. A ride that took twenty minutes a few years ago is now two hours. When the dot – com stock market crashed in 2000, companies were left scrambling to pick up the pieces. Texas Instruments was the first known company to outsource and build a technology center in Bangalore India in 1986 (Biz news, 2005). But it wasn’t until the dot - com crash outsourcing became really well heard about. Outsourcing is a process in which a company sends some of its in house operation out to a third party operation. This third party is working for about five cents on an American dollar. Along with the India’s Government constantly reinforcing their commitment to the Information Technology (IT) industry with its simple policies. Although some companies are concerned about the loss of American jobs, they can get the same quality work for lower wages. How can these advantages of outsourcing their products to India be ignored? Two thirds of ...

Barco Projection Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barco Projection Systems - Case Study Example The BPS division entered into other market segments like data and graphic providing variety of choices to the companies with varying scan rate from the receiver. It is important to note that all the products i.e. three lines of products were built around 7† tube. BPS line of products, however, differentiated from other products on this basis of its performance, which was mainly measured across scan rate. The product line strategy BPS was to continuously develop its product range by research and development which resulted in other products with varied scan rate and price structure. It is however important to reiterate that every product which came out from the BPS division was superior version to the earlier product in terms of visibility, quality, clarity and scan rate. The strategy of Barco Projection Systems is further clarified by Frans Claerbout, General Manager, who remarked that â€Å"BPS product line was driven by three forces like the constant search of the best possib le image, flexibility towards input and increasing user friendliness†. The strategy is evident from the exhibit given below which shows that since developing a video projection system in 1982, the company has continuously managed to develop its line of product through market creation and segmentation, improving the quality and performance along with cost price. BPS, since 1982, has developed five products in video segment, six in data segment and two in graphic segment thus gradually increasing its line of product justifying the remarks of Claerbout regarding the constant pursuit for best image and customer friendliness. Situation Analysis After the introduction of Sony’s 1270 projection system, Barco felt threatened as the product had everything to compete in the market of projectors. Though Sony’s 1270 shocked the industry, Dejonghe was not at all surprised because Barco already had presumed about such thing to happen but not in such a big way. Barco assumed th at Sony would launch a product which will be a direct competitor for BD600 and therefore prepared themselves to launch their product, a 64 kHz digital machine. This led to a remark by Dejonghe who mentioned that â€Å"all of our projections, however, were based on the assumption that Sony would respect our â€Å"vision† of the marketplace’. In regard to this, it is clarified that Barco was purchasing 7† tubes from Sony which were used to build projection system as these tubes provided superior clarity than other products in the market. Dejonghe once came to known about Sony that their goal was to capture 50% supplier and consumer market but not to beat Barco in project. It was hitherto assumed that Sony respected the vision of Barco in the projection systems market. Competitors respect others vision in the marketplace so as to embrace new way of doing business which is necessary to get beyond the narrow framework of self interest and to realize the potential of marketplace transactions grounded in an intrinsic respect for all stakeholders (Peil, 527). In the words of Dejonghe, Sony was not interested in competing with Barco and other competitors in the market on small scale in graphic segment and therefore aimed to conquer the data and graphics market which was dominated by Barco. It was necessary for Sony to create an image for themselves instead of being a just another manufacturer of projectors. Therefore, 1270 was launched with intense marketing and publicity to garner attention and create a brand image.

Conflict Management Mediation Arbitration case 5 Essay

Conflict Management Mediation Arbitration case 5 - Essay Example This, as expressed is a voluntary process and this means that the settlement cannot be imposed or forced on the disputants by the mediators. Arbitration on the other hand has been defined as ‘A process in which a disagreement between two or more parties is resolved by impartial individuals, called arbitrators, in order to avoid costly and lengthy litigation’ (Investor Words – Arbitration, 2009). This is a procedure, where a third party holds a meeting for the disputants. This meeting is normally a ground for the disputants to state the issues, facts, to provide witnesses and also any possible evidence for the positions (Herrman, 2006). There is also an existence of a combined strategy. An example if that of mediation – arbitration, which consists of two stages. Firstly, mediation and then followed by arbitration. In certain cases it has been noted that mediation alone does not provide for a solution for the argument and it is then that the third party would need to bring in arbitration as well. Here the third party would act as both an arbitrator as well as a mediator (Kagel, 1976, as cited in (Herrman, 2006)). There however has been a fairly new strategy which is a combination of the two and is referred to as arb – med. This has been noted to have three phases: "In phase one, the third party holds an arbitration hearing. At the end of this phase, the third party makes a decision, which is placed in a sealed envelope and is not revealed to the parties. The second phase consists of mediation. The sealed envelope containing the third partys decision is displayed prominently during the mediation phase. Only if mediation fails to produce a voluntary agreement by a specified deadline do the parties enter the third phase, called the ruling phase. Here, the third party removes the ruling from the envelope and reveals the binding ruling to the disputants (Cobbledick, 1992; Sander, 1993, as cited in (Herrman, 2006)). To ensure

Maintenance Strategy for an Emergency Lighting System

Maintenance Strategy for an Emergency Lighting System Table 1 Term / Abbreviation Definition API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ATEX Atmosphere Explosible (French acronym) CAT Category CCTV Closed-Circuit Television cGMP Current Good Manufacturing Practice CMMS Computerised Maintenance Management System CSE Confined Space Entry CTU Central Test Unit Ex Explosion protection symbol displayed on equipment that is suitable for use in an ATEX area FT Facilities Technicians HR Human Resources HSA Health And Safety Authority HSE Health, Safety and Environment IR Industrial Relations IS Irish Standard IFM Integrated Facilities Management KPI Key Performance Indicator LEL Lower Explosive Limit LVI Liquid Vapour Incinerator NIPBI Novartis International Pharmaceutical Branch Ireland NRL Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker MEWP Mobile Elevated Work Platform MTBF Mean Time Between Failure MTTR Mean Time To Repair PB1 Production Building 1 PB1A Production Building 1 Annex PB2 Production Building 2 PM Preventive Maintenance PU Production Unit QA Quality Assurance SAP Computerised Maintenance Management System used by Novartis SOP Standard Operating Procedure TS Technical Services VEIS Veolia Environnement Industries Services One could be forgiven for thinking that compiling a maintenance strategy for an emergency lighting system would be a trivial matter to execute. This may possibly be the case with a small office building but our challenge at Novartis was not a task that could be underestimated. The first thing to consider is the scale of the site at approximately 150 acres and that emergency lighting by its nature permeates every nook and cranny. The second is the huge emphasis placed on safety which is understandable when Seveso directives are factored in. Adding to this was the fact that until VEIS arrived on site there was no existing strategy for the maintenance of the emergency lighting system. Once the remit passed to VEIS, literally overnight, we inherited the mammoth task of restoring the system to full operation and ensuring regulatory compliance in terms of inspection and testing. This all was being played out under the watchful gaze of existing site staff that may not have been openly welcome to the notion of an IFM companys arrival on site. There was minimum time for VEIS staff to ease into their roles in this challenging environment. Needless to say the first six months on site were a baptism of fire (but thankfully not in the literal sense!). Besides immediately assuming inspection and testing duties, the initial stages involved gathering data on both the quantities of light fittings present and the extent of repair work required. The next stage required meeting with suppliers to arrange for parts supply. Full restoration of the system would then take place in tandem with ongoing inspection and testing. Regarding inspection and testing, there was little leeway for VEIS to create a customised approach as the regulations in I.S. 3217 2013 are quite prescriptive. We simply had to figure out the most effective and efficient way to deliver the required performance of such a safety critical system. I believe the expertise required from VEIS was not to reinvent a method of maintaining an emergency lighting system. Instead it was to implement a strategy, where none existed before, that worked both in terms of compliance to regulations and ensuring maximum availability of a safety critical system. On this front, we certainly delivered. Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited is an API manufacturing plant located in Co. Cork Ireland. It is part of the Novartis global healthcare company which is based in Switzerland. In January 2014, VEIS assumed responsibility for the provision of an Integrated Facilities Management contract of 5 years duration. This encompassed the following equipment/services: Utilities steam boilers, air compressors, air dryers, cooling towers, water treatment, purified water systems. Hard Services fire alarm, gas detection system, CCTV, roller shutter doors, clean room sliding doors, dock lifts, passenger and freight elevators, emergency lighting. Soft Services catering, cleaning, security, landscaping, pest control, internal plants. This was the first venture into the outsourcing of Facilities Management services by Novartis so there was a steep learning curve for all concerned. My role with VEIS was Technical Team Lead with primary responsibility over Utilities and Hard Services. Our most immediate Task was to implement a Maintenance Strategy for site wide Emergency Lighting. This had fallen into neglect over the years; mainly due to a lack of a dedicated team to oversee its maintenance there had almost been an ad hoc approach to testing and repair. Besides my role as Team Lead, the VEIS maintenance crew consisted of 2 Facilities Technicians, both with strong past electrical experience. It was decided that upkeep of the Emergency Lighting system would be fully self-delivered with no outside contractor involvement. Figure 1: Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited (Source: PM Group) Figure 1 is an aerial view of the Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited site (PM Group). Table 2 A Main Switch Room B Pump House C Tank Farm D Solvent Recovery E LVI F Contractors Compound (not in IFM contract scope) G Project Stores (not in IFM contract scope) H PB 2 I PB 1 J PB 1A K Waste Water L Utilities M Technical Services N QA Labs O Warehouse P Canteen/HR/Administration Q NIPBI Labs R Security Gate House Table 2 defines alphabetically labelled points in Figure 1. Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited is subject to Seveso directives. These directives are put in place to help prevent major industrial accidents and ensure that sites are prepared, in terms of response, for when accidents occur (European Commission, 2016). Sites are categorised according to the amount of hazardous chemicals in storage (Lawlor Technology, 2015). NRL is an upper tier Seveso site there are up to 4000m3 of solvent chemicals stored on site. There are also several Zone 1 and 2 ATEX areas. The HSA (n.d.) defines these as: Zone 1 That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation. Zone 2 That part of a hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation and, if it occurs, will exist for a short period. Another example of a hazardous area is the Dryer Unloading area in PB1. During certain production campaigns, there is the presence of Category 3 chemicals here. Access to the area is strictly prohibited during these times. Contact with minute amounts of Category 3 chemicals can have severe health consequences for a person (Ader et al, 2005). Because of the highly dangerous operating context of the emergency lighting system, safe work practices were essential for the VEIS team on the Novartis site. We were required to develop a method statement for emergency lighting maintenance activities. This was reviewed by the HSE department and a site electrical engineer. Edits were performed where necessary prior to final approval. The use or carrying of cellular phones was prohibited at all times at NRL. Its worth noting for this exercise the challenging IR environment that VEIS entered at the beginning of the IFM contract. It was seen by many on site that moving to an outsourced service provider would result in lay-offs for NRL maintenance staff. In reality VEIS were tasked at delivering in areas that were either previously neglected or lacked central control. Until this realisation had sunk in, maximum discretion and diplomacy was required from the VEIS team in order to gain acceptance from the existing site staff. During the initial stages of the VEIS teams arrival onsite, there was an unwavering focus on all aspects of our conduct. It was of prime importance that the team displayed the upmost professionalism and adherence to safe working practices at all times. It was essential that, for our maintenance strategy to work, full cooperation was received from existing site staff. This involved gaining trust from both management and floor staff. The Novartis Ringaskiddy site, under the surface, functions as a group of almost autonomous areas. The production buildings, utilities, warehouse, tank farm waste water areas all have designated management teams who all have in turn subtle but distinct differences in methods of operation. As emergency lighting is a utility that features across the site, the VEIS team had to find a way to adapt to the varying cultural practices in order to make our strategy work. Engaging in a respectful and sometimes almost deferential manner was the order of the day. Here are some of the bridges that had to be crossed: Method Statement development The method statement for emergency lighting maintenance activities required review and approval from both the HSE process safety manager and PB1 electrical engineer. The peculiar aspect to this is that neither of the other two site electrical engineers opted to review or approve the method statement despite being presented with it. See Appendix A for cover page of Method Statement. Planning Meetings Again there was a variance here in that VEIS attended weekly maintenance planning meetings in the PB2 production building only. This was to ensure that production and maintenance coordinators were aware of upcoming works. This obviously extended beyond emergency lighting to all VEIS related maintenance. It also helped ensure that the work permitters for the building had advanced notice as resources were tight in this area. For other areas on site, email notification was sufficient to alert NRL staff of pending activities. Client Meetings As part of our customer engagement strategy, we arranged separate monthly meetings with key staff from the PB1, PB2 and Technical Services areas. This provided a forum for all parties to express opinions on any issues or indeed the good news stories. KPI Score Card Client interaction was critical here. See section 13.0 for specific detail. ATEX areas It was vital for VEIS to gain the confidence of the client in our ability to work safely and competently in the ATEX areas. As an embedded contractor, we were subject to more intense scrutiny than any sub-contractor that provided services to the client. An example would be the purchase of a Fluke Ex multi-meter that we made. This came at a cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1000. All other electrical maintenance staff used the non-Ex à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬300 version. Asset Register Individual emergency light fittings were not listed on the NRL asset register. The lowest level the register went to was the Central Test Units. The Novartis engineers were keen to have a full schedule of emergency light fittings included in the asset register so it made sense for VEIS to assist them. Aiding the NRL engineers with this task was not in the scope of the IFM contract but providing this service did much to solidify the relationship and further build trust. This was practically a mini project and involved the following activities: Compiling the full list of fittings. Listing the fittings accurately by type and by area. Redlining the lighting plans to reflect moved, removed or newly installed fittings. Confirming the correct CTUs, Distribution Boards and MCBs. Liaising with the site electrical engineers to agree on a naming/tagging convention. Supplying redlined lighting plans to site drawing office for printing and uploading to the Novartis COMOS system. Site Manual (Play Book) A site manual or play book was developed which outlined the scope of the VEIS IFM contract. This was a live document which evolved as the contract progressed and reflected any new services that were added to the remit of VEIS. The site manual was subject to periodic review by the Novartis IFM lead. High level maintenance strategies were also stored in in this book. In order to comply with rigorous onsite HSE policies, VEIS technical staff required training/certification with the following: ATEX Awareness. Emergency Lighting Commissioning Inspection. Confined Space Entry. Mobile Access Tower assembly. Current Good Manufacturing Practice. Fire Watch. Lock-out/Tag-out/Isolation. Mobile Elevated Work Platform operation. Permitting hot and cold works. SAP CMMS User level for FTs. Maintenance Planner level for Technical Team Lead. Working at Heights. Manual Handling. Safety Harness. As previously mentioned, the Emergency Lighting system had fallen into a state of disrepair on the Ringaskiddy site. With the arrival of VEIS onsite as the IFM provider, a new impetus was put on restoring the system to full operating order and maintaining it to a proper and compliant standard. In addition, it was quickly noticed by the VEIS team that list of emergency light fittings in the contract tender was not correct. There had been several additions and modifications to the system without proper records to reflect the changes. After a thorough appraisal, it was found that more than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100,000 would be required in parts purchasing to carry out the necessary repairs. This would have to be actioned by VEIS as it was within scope of the contract. Appendix B lists the costs of parts required to achieve a fully functioning emergency lighting system. All of the emergency light fittings on the NRL site are of the Self-Contained Emergency Luminaire variant. This type is defined as having all components such as the lamp, control unit and battery either inside or not more than one metre from the fitting (Ventilux, n.d.). 8.1 Various Types Used Figures 2 and 3 show both the most commonly used and most expensive to replace fittings used at NRL. There are other types also such as Exit/Running Man and Twin Spot. Although these are equally critical from a safety perspective, they came at a fraction of the cost to replace. It was decided because of the preferential pricing available for purchasing complete Stahl fittings that these would be used to replace defective CEAG units that were economically unrepairable. CEAG fittings were kept in service only when the repairs didnt extend beyond tube and battery replacement. Figure 2: Stahl Ex Emergency Light Fitting (Source: Stahl) Figure 2 shows the types of Stahl light fittings used on the Novartis site (Stahl). Figure 3: CEAG Ex Emergency Light Fitting (Source: Atex) Figure 3 shows the type of CEAG light fitting used on the Novartis site (Atex). 8.2 Quantities of Fittings by Area Zone Table 3 Fitting Type Ex Zone 1 Ex Zone 2 Safe Area Main Switch Room 6 Pump House 15 Tank Farm 28 57 28 Solvent Recovery 33 69 LVI 16 35 PB 2 563 130 PB 1 530 145 PB 1A 285 78 Waste Water 58 31 Utilities 55 Technical Services 95 QA Labs 88 Warehouse 93 Canteen/HR/Administration 125 NIPBI Labs 168 Security Gate House 7 Sub Totals 1455 219 1064 Grand Total 2738 Table 3 list the corrected amounts of light fittings by zone and by area. The more correct way to classify equipment suitable for use in Ex Zone 1 and Zone 2 areas is by CAT 2 and CAT 3 respectively. However it is normal in Industry to reference them by Ex Zone numbers only. Safe Area refers to type of light fittings used outside of the hazardous areas. 8.3 Components Failure Information The one benefit of taking on a dilapidated system, from a maintenance perspective, is that you have the data to hand on the reasons why the assets have failed. Figure 4 displays a breakdown of these failure modes for the emergency light fittings on the Novartis site. This information was a key driver in deciding the amounts and types of spare parts to be held on site. Figure 4: Reasons for Light Fitting Failure Figure 4 illustrates failure data compiled on the NRL site. The Inspection and Maintenance activities evolved as the contract progressed on the Novartis site. The initial stages comprised of inspection and data gathering. This advanced to inspection, testing and repairs. 9.1 Structure and Administration of PMs on CMMS Novartis utilises the SAP CMMS to administrate all of its maintenance activities. VEIS staff were trained onsite in the use of this system. The Facilities Technicians were trained to User level while the Technical Team Lead was trained to Planner level. As effective owners of the assets and systems that were in scope for the IFM contract, it was agreed that we would manage maintenance activities end-to-end. Here is a synopsis of how we ran this aspect of our operation for the emergency lighting system: PMs were built against the Asset IDs of the CTUs. The CMMS Created a PM01 Preventive Maintenance Work Order in advance of the Due Date based on the Call Horizon settings. The VEIS Planner Released the Work Order in advance of the activity being carried out. One of the FTs printed the resultant Job Card. The FTs had a predetermined period of time from the Due Date to complete the activity so as not to exceed the Late Date. PMs that overshot the Late Date required Deviation Reports to be submitted. Corrective activities were recorded using PM11 Deferred Maintenance or PM12 Immediate Maintenance Work Orders depending on the severity of the issue. Completed Job Cards and reports, where applicable, were uploaded to the CMMS and attached to the relevant Work Order before changing its status to Complete. See Appendix C for definitions of the terms used by the SAP CMMS. See Appendix D for an example of a Novartis Work Order raised on the SAP CMMS. 9.2 Permitting for Works There was variance across the NRL site in how permits to work were processed. Again it was an example of how at a high level there was standard practice but the reality on the ground was different. This was another area where VEIS had to adapt to the different procedures and ensure both safety compliance and a timely manner for delivering works. The time concern stems from lengthy delays that could occur if one did not follow the specific permitting guidelines for a particular area. See Appendix F for a table displaying the differences per area in processing of permits to work on the NRL site. 9.3 Inspection and Testing Daily Test The following is the procedure employed for the daily test: To complete the daily test of the emergency lighting system, one of the Facilities Technicians walks the site and checks the CTUs for presence of any faults. Permitting is not required for this activity. Any faults are recorded in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook and repairs are put into the work queue. Visual Inspection of Emergency Lights Under the previous I.S. 3217 standard, all emergency light fittings had to be visually inspected weekly. This would have been near impossible for the VEIS team to deliver. The current standard stipulates that 25% of fittings are to be visually inspected weekly resulting in 100% being checked in a four week period. The following is the procedure employed for the visual inspection: When conducting a visual inspection of the emergency lights in an area, the Facilities Technicians will first contact the area supervisor to inform them of the intention to carry out an inspection. A permit and countersignature will then be requested if it is deemed necessary. Technicians will use the access card swipe-in system or the sign-in logbook when entering the area if such systems are present. The Technicians will then walk the area and record their results in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. The area will be left in a clean and tidy state. They will swipe or sign out when leaving the area if such systems are present. If a permit was received then it will be returned and signed off. See Appendix E for Risk Assessment table. Three Monthly Inspection (for a 3 hour self-contained system) The following is the procedure employed for a 3 monthly inspection: When conducting the Three Monthly Inspection of the emergency lights in an area, the Facilities Technicians will first contact the area supervisor to inform them of the intention to carry out an inspection. A permit and countersignature will then be requested. Signs will be placed at the entrances to the area to advise personnel that an inspection is taking place. Technicians will use the access swipe-in system or the sign-in logbook when entering the area if such systems are present. The emergency lighting Central Test Unit will then be activated, or in cases where a circuit is not on a CTU, the MCB will be switched off which will result in the emergency lighting going into fault mode. The Technicians will then walk the area and record their results in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. When complete the CTU will be reset and any MCBs that were switched off will be switched on. Faults that have been recorded will then be addressed. A suitable ladder will be used for the repairs. Where the step ladder is used, FTs should not exceed hip height to the top rung of the ladder. A safety harness will be worn where required. A scaffold will be used where required. Care is to be taken when using hand tools. A Hot Work Permit will be required to work near live exposed parts such as using a meter to check for power. If replacing internal parts of the light or where a wiring fault needs to be rectified, then the circuit will be locked out at the lighting supply board with a MCB locking device and a padlock. VEIS staff will refer to Novartis SOP 000.926.0479 Isolation of electrically driven equipment. Before disconnecting any cable the FT must always confirm that the internal mains wiring is dead using a digital multi-meter. When work is complete then the area is to be left clean and tidy and all circuits should be powered up. They will swipe or sign out when leaving the area if such systems are present. The permit will be returned and signed off. See Appendix E for Risk Assessment table. Upon completion of the Three Monthly Inspection and testing, a report for inspection, testing and servicing as detailed in Annex C1 and Annex C7 of I.S. 3217:2013 shall be attached to the relevant SAP Work Order where it can be viewed/printed by the PU Manager and electrical engineer of (PB1,PB2,TS). As per 16.2.4.1 of I.S. 3217:2013. A copy of the report shall be placed in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. Annual Load Test (for a 3 hour self-contained system) The following is the procedure employed for the annual load test: When conducting the Annual Load Test of the emergency lights in an area, the Facilities Technicians will first contact the area supervisor to inform them of the intention to carry out an inspection. A permit and countersignature will then be requested. Signs will be placed at the entrances to the area to advise personnel that an inspection is taking place. Technicians will use the access swipe-in system or the sign-in logbook when entering the area if such systems are present. The emergency lighting Central Test Unit will then be activated, or in cases where a circuit is not on the CTU the MCB will be switched off, which will result in the emergency lighting going into fault mode. The Technicians will then walk the area and record their results in the VEIS Emergency Lighting Logbook. When complete the CTU will be reset and any MCBs that were switched off will be switched on. Faults that have been recorded will then be addressed. A suitable ladder will be used for the repairs. Where the step ladder is used, Technicians should not exceed hip height to the top rung of the ladder. A safety harness will be worn where required. A scaffold will be used where required. Care is to be taken when using hand tools. A Hot Work Permit will be required to work near live exposed parts such as using a meter to check for power. If replacing internal parts of the light or where a wiring fault needs to be rectified, then the circuit will be locked out at the lighting supply board with a MCB locking device and a padlock. VEIS staff will refer to Novartis SOP 000.926.0479 Isolation of electrically driven equipment. Before disconnecting any cable the FT must always confirm that the internal mains wiring is dead using a digital multi-